99精品久久这里只有精品,三上悠亚免费一区二区在线,91精品福利一区二区,爱a久久片,无国产精品白浆免费视,中文字幕欧美一区,爽妇网国产精品,国产一级做a爱免费观看,午夜一级在线,国产精品偷伦视频免费手机播放

    <del id="eyo20"><dfn id="eyo20"></dfn></del>
  • <small id="eyo20"><abbr id="eyo20"></abbr></small>
      <strike id="eyo20"><samp id="eyo20"></samp></strike>
    • 首頁 > 文章中心 > 光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展

      前言:想要寫出一篇令人眼前一亮的文章嗎?我們特意為您整理了5篇光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展范文,相信會為您的寫作帶來幫助,發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的寫作思路和靈感。

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展范文第1篇

      光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè),是一個預(yù)示著中國和世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展希望的陽光產(chǎn)業(yè)。而光伏建筑一體化更是未來建筑業(yè)發(fā)展的方向。

      一、中國光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)概況和前景

      中國光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)于20世紀70年代起步,90年代中期進入穩(wěn)步發(fā)展時期。到2005年底,中國光伏電池總產(chǎn)量超過250MW,光伏組件總產(chǎn)量超過400MW。從2002年以來,國家發(fā)改委啟動了"西部省區(qū)無電鄉(xiāng)光明工程",通過光伏和小型風(fēng)力發(fā)電的方式,最終解決西部七省區(qū)即、新疆、青海、甘肅、內(nèi)蒙、陜西和四川近800個無電鄉(xiāng)的用電問題。市場潛力將為100萬千瓦,總投資約為800億元。最近幾年我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)正以每年30%的速度增長。按照國家發(fā)改委編制的《可再生能源中長期發(fā)展規(guī)劃》,到2020年我國光伏發(fā)電總?cè)萘繉⑦_到220萬KW。

      二、世界光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)概況和前景

      在國際上,光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)成為增長速度最快、初步實現(xiàn)規(guī)模化發(fā)展的可再生能源發(fā)電技術(shù)2002年以來,全球光伏發(fā)電裝機年均增長率超過40%。 2007年全球新增裝機量同比增長 62%,當(dāng)年統(tǒng)計安裝量為2.83GWp,累計總裝機容量大約為12GWp。據(jù)有關(guān)預(yù)測或展望,未來數(shù)年全球光伏市場將以大約60%的速度增長, 2020年累計裝機將達到200GWp,絕大部分為并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電。屆時中國光伏發(fā)電總量仍不到全球發(fā)電總裝機容量的1%。

      三、中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的瓶頸和差距

      1、光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)科技發(fā)展的瓶頸

      與國際光伏企業(yè)相比,技術(shù)研發(fā)仍然是中國企業(yè)的軟肋。配套技術(shù)還不成熟,產(chǎn)品可靠性低;獨立系統(tǒng)中的蓄電池技術(shù)還不過關(guān),壽命低。在發(fā)展上,中國企業(yè)走的是大規(guī)模擴張的路子,以多取勝,但這種模式是不能持久的。美國、日本等發(fā)達國家卻走技術(shù)、精細化、緩擴張的路線。迫于成本壓力,國內(nèi)光伏企業(yè)大多做多晶硅電池技術(shù),但多晶硅原料使用不當(dāng)會造成污染,薄膜太陽能電池技術(shù)才是發(fā)展的趨勢,而著方面的研究還十分落后。

      2、光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)成本和消費與發(fā)達國家的差距

      我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)需要的設(shè)備、原料和市場都在歐美地區(qū)。95%進口高純硅材料靠進口;95%以上出口市場在國外。 國內(nèi)太陽電池生產(chǎn)能力迅速膨脹,2007年全國太陽電池生產(chǎn)能力達到 2.0 GW,生產(chǎn)能力過剩; 成本仍然偏高(獨立發(fā)電系統(tǒng)初投資 8-10萬元/KW,并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)投資6-8萬元/KW,發(fā)電成本3.5-5元/KWh),商業(yè)化市場的發(fā)展受到限制。而西方國家多晶硅太陽能電池技術(shù)的發(fā)電成本最低可降到約合0.7元人民幣/kWh,大約在2015―2016年左右可降到1元人民幣/kWh,使得光伏發(fā)電首先在日本、德國、西班牙等實行較高平均零售電價的國家開始商業(yè)化發(fā)展。

      3、光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈整合與發(fā)達國家的差距

      在產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈整合上,國外諸如夏普、德山、京瓷等日本光伏企業(yè),在整個產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈上技術(shù)全面,多晶、單晶電池和薄膜電池均有涉及和生產(chǎn),而在光伏生產(chǎn)的核心設(shè)備上也是自產(chǎn)。中國光伏發(fā)電從產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈,硅料供應(yīng)不能自給,主要是進口;電池環(huán)節(jié)產(chǎn)能過剩,企業(yè)普遍開工率低于50%;單一組件封裝企業(yè)壓力很大,產(chǎn)量相對過剩,組件價格回落(15-20%)。在全球光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈中,太陽能光伏的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)明顯的金字塔形,最上游的是高純度硅料生產(chǎn),技術(shù)含量最高,利潤最大,價格約占太陽能電池成本的70%以上;其次才是電池片、電池組件等環(huán)節(jié),越往下游技術(shù)要求越低,利潤越薄,中國絕大多數(shù)企業(yè)正處于產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的下游,產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的整合迫在眉睫。

      4、中國光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)定位不合理

      中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)定位已經(jīng)陷入“兩頭在外掙小錢”的窘境。目前中國太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)仍主要依靠市場驅(qū)動而非技術(shù)驅(qū)動,缺乏強大的內(nèi)在競爭力。每年大約95%的光伏組件都出口到國外。產(chǎn)品和市場結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,中國是世界光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)大國,但國內(nèi)消費不到10%,國內(nèi)光伏發(fā)電的總裝機量僅占全球裝機總量的1%,產(chǎn)品嚴重依賴出口;技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,中國最具優(yōu)勢的是電池片和組件技術(shù),以及其他新興電池的開發(fā)上,但裝備技術(shù)和原材料技術(shù)并沒有真正掌握,基本上都是控制在發(fā)達國家手中;中國是光伏制造大國,而不是制造強國,至今未能擺脫“世界工廠”的命運,仍處全球光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)價值鏈下游。

      四、中國光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展對策

      針對以上差距和問題,筆者認為對發(fā)展我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)采取一下對策:

      1、將光伏發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展利用提高到戰(zhàn)略地位考慮。在今后5-10內(nèi),我國的光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用一方面還將以采用戶用光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)和建設(shè)小型光伏電站為主為偏遠地區(qū)農(nóng)牧民(即目前我國1/3的無電人口)提供最基本的生活用電;另一方面,借鑒發(fā)達國家發(fā)展屋頂系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗,在經(jīng)濟較發(fā)達、城市現(xiàn)代化水平較高的大中城市,在公益性建筑物以及在道路、公園、車站等公共設(shè)施照明中推廣使用光伏電源。開展大型并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)的示范,為在光伏發(fā)電成本下降到一定水平時開展大型并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)的大規(guī)模應(yīng)用做準備。預(yù)計到2010年和2020年,光伏系統(tǒng)的這3個方面的應(yīng)用總量將達到約40萬kW和180萬kW。因此,建議中國發(fā)展光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的國家戰(zhàn)略定位原則方針應(yīng)該是:要有利于中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展;要有利于增強國力和提高國際競爭力;有利于促進社會發(fā)展和就業(yè);符合我國的節(jié)能、環(huán)保和可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。

      2、集中力量,引進培養(yǎng)研發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)人才。從太陽能級硅材料入手,建立硅材原料供應(yīng)基地,解決原材料短缺問題;大力加強先進技術(shù)的研發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化,扶持“技術(shù)推動型” 的光伏設(shè)備制造業(yè),加強相關(guān)科技、財稅、外貿(mào)優(yōu)惠等扶持政策,鼓勵支持發(fā)展符合我國的人力資源優(yōu)勢和擴大就業(yè)政策導(dǎo)向的太陽能電池和組件制造業(yè),鞏固和擴大國際市場份額。

      3、在城市實施并網(wǎng)發(fā)電計劃,制訂太陽能光伏發(fā)電的配額利用計劃,以延緩化石能源枯竭的期限;例如,設(shè)置可再生能源配額制度,以及光伏發(fā)電配額制度,從政策和制度上明確國家及地區(qū)電力組成中可再生能源,尤其是光伏能源所占比例。配額制度可對電網(wǎng)運行者提出購買一定比例光伏電力的要求;也可以要求電力公司在其產(chǎn)品中提供一部分來自光伏發(fā)電的電力。

      4、對光伏企業(yè)實施政策傾斜,鼓勵產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。建立更有效的補貼方案,補貼水平(包括上網(wǎng)電價補貼和資本投入補貼)應(yīng)根據(jù)光伏的實際成本結(jié)構(gòu)決定,而不是采取簡單的低價者中標,以確保中標價格的合理性和良性競爭。為了光伏的健康成長,中國需要培育對國有、私營、甚至跨國公司均具吸引力的更加多樣化及開放的市場。

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展范文第2篇

      【關(guān)鍵字】現(xiàn)狀;發(fā)展趨勢

      一.全球光伏市場現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢

      據(jù)歐洲光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會數(shù)據(jù)顯示,1994年到2009年短短15年間,全球太陽能光伏發(fā)電累計裝機容量增長了44倍,年均增長維持在28.8%。

      歐洲、日本和美國一直是光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展較快的國家,尤其是德國、西班牙和日本集中了很多知名的光伏電池生產(chǎn)商,同時也是最主要的光伏產(chǎn)品終端消費市場。2007年之前,歐洲和日本占據(jù)了光伏電池生產(chǎn)的70%左右的市場份額。2007年,中國光伏產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量占到全球產(chǎn)量的26.6%,一躍成為全球太陽能電池第一生產(chǎn)大國。

      國際能源署(IEA)預(yù)測:2020年世界光伏發(fā)電量將占總發(fā)電量的2%,2040年將占總發(fā)電量的20%―28%。歐盟聯(lián)合研究中心(JRC)預(yù)測,到2030年,可再生能源在總能源結(jié)構(gòu)中的比例將占到30%以上,太陽能光伏發(fā)電在世界總電力供應(yīng)中將達到10%以上;2040年可再生能源在總能源結(jié)構(gòu)中將占50%以上,太陽能光伏發(fā)電在世界總電力供應(yīng)中將達20%以上;到21世紀末,可再生能源在總能源結(jié)構(gòu)中將占到80%以上,太陽能光伏發(fā)電在世界總電力供應(yīng)中將達到60%以上。

      二.國內(nèi)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

      中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)起步于1970年代,1990年代進入穩(wěn)步增長期,2005年進入快速增長階段。之后的幾年,中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)平均年增長率維持在40%以上,成為全球最大的光伏產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)國,已經(jīng)占據(jù)了全球約50%的市場份額。

      雖然中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,但隨著外部環(huán)境的變化,產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的弱勢日益突出。由于整體技術(shù)水平落后及科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化困難,中國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)在國際終端市場缺乏話語權(quán),盡管出口量大,卻不掌握定價權(quán),往往需要靠價格戰(zhàn)進行低端競爭,短期內(nèi)可能搶占市場,長期必將危及行業(yè)發(fā)展。目前為止,我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)尚未建立全面的研發(fā)創(chuàng)新體系,同時缺乏高新制造產(chǎn)業(yè)支撐,很多精密設(shè)備、高純度硅料依賴進口,大大提高了我國光伏電池的生產(chǎn)成本。

      辯證地看待國內(nèi)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,市場低迷期往往也是產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整期,在哀鴻遍野的產(chǎn)業(yè)危機中,也正悄然孕育著整個產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的新機遇。當(dāng)經(jīng)歷洗牌和換血之后,市場重歸正常秩序,那些走過“寒冬”的企業(yè),必將成為未來產(chǎn)業(yè)的主導(dǎo)者與引領(lǐng)者。

      三.國內(nèi)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方向

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展范文第3篇

      關(guān)鍵詞:雙反 產(chǎn)能過剩 光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)

      一、江蘇省光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

      (一)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展

      江蘇省在1984年開始涉獵太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,之后便開始進入快速的發(fā)展,在2010年實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)值1988億元,接近全國光伏總產(chǎn)值的2/3,從業(yè)人員12萬多,直至今天被稱為“中國太陽能光伏第一省”,有“世界光伏看中國,中國光伏看江蘇”的地位。

      (二)對歐出口量大幅下滑

      2012年歐盟對我國光伏產(chǎn)品實施“雙反”前,江蘇約有近七成的光伏產(chǎn)品出口到歐盟,可以說歐盟曾是江蘇省最大光伏產(chǎn)品出口市場。2011年、2012年江蘇對歐盟出口太陽能電池占江蘇太陽能電池出口總值比重分別達73%、69%,而2013年對歐盟出口太陽能電池總值只有18.3億美元,占江蘇太陽能電池出口總值比重下降到31.8%。江蘇很多小企業(yè)更是直接關(guān)門歇業(yè),據(jù)統(tǒng)計,江蘇目前光伏出口企業(yè)有300多家,出口歐盟市場的也超過300家,共有一千多家相關(guān)企業(yè)受到影響。

      (三)光伏出口市場格局呈多元化趨勢

      由于美國與歐盟先后對我國光伏產(chǎn)品采取“雙反”措施,使得我國光伏產(chǎn)品不得不收縮歐美市場,進而不斷尋求新的增長點。不同于歐美市場的持續(xù)疲軟,近年來,江蘇對亞洲市場的光伏產(chǎn)品出口額不斷增長,自2013年以后,亞洲市場已經(jīng)取代歐盟成為江蘇第一大光伏出口市場。目前,從出口市場來看,江蘇已形成多元化的市場格局。

      (四)“兩頭在外”困境有所突破

      目前,我國日益重視原材料的開發(fā)和生產(chǎn),國內(nèi)多晶硅生產(chǎn)企業(yè)有18家,其中,江蘇中能憑借技術(shù)和產(chǎn)能優(yōu)勢成為龍頭企業(yè),其產(chǎn)量占我國總產(chǎn)量比重近50%;2014年,我國國內(nèi)多晶硅產(chǎn)量達13.2萬噸,進口近10萬噸。從下游的應(yīng)用市場看,對于以歐盟為主要市場的江蘇光伏企業(yè)來說,在歐盟實施“雙反”以來,雖然遭受慘重損失,但2013年國內(nèi)市場實現(xiàn)突破式的增長,2014年,我國光伏產(chǎn)能達35吉瓦,國內(nèi)市場安裝了10吉瓦多。目前,我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)已在很大程度上突破了“兩頭在外”的困境。

      二、江蘇省光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的困境

      (一)價格大幅跳水

      光伏組件從toll年的平均每瓦1.5美元降至目前的0.7-0.8美元。2012年1-10月,光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)品價格持續(xù)下跌了48.9%。雖然企業(yè)的出貨量增加,但產(chǎn)品價格的急劇下跌造成企業(yè)營業(yè)收人銳減。根據(jù)我省四家主要光伏企業(yè)(阿特斯、天合、韓華、中電電氣)的財報,四家企業(yè)共計出貨量為3.5GW,與2011年同期基本持平,但實現(xiàn)營業(yè)收人32.5億美元,同比下降了34.4%。

      (二)企業(yè)經(jīng)營困難

      一方面,企業(yè)資產(chǎn)負債率普遍偏高。省內(nèi)幾家主要光伏上市企業(yè)總負債超過600億元,平均負債率在70%以上,其中,天合光能為67.57%,阿特斯為79.47%,尚德接近85%。過重的債務(wù)負擔(dān)給企業(yè)正常經(jīng)營造成嚴重不利影響。另一方面,企業(yè)融資更加困難。在當(dāng)前整個產(chǎn)業(yè)“不景氣”的情況下,金融系統(tǒng)已將光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)列為“高危”行業(yè),紛紛收縮貸款規(guī)模,從嚴放貸,造成企業(yè)融資困難、融資成本加大。

      (三)生產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)停滯

      江蘇近千家光伏制造企業(yè),有近半處于停產(chǎn)狀態(tài),大型企業(yè)也嚴重開工不足,員工下崗或待工。徐州中能硅業(yè)受到國外多晶硅生產(chǎn)企業(yè)傾銷擠壓,目前,庫存7000噸,生產(chǎn)已處于停滯,尚德目前已進人破產(chǎn)程序。

      三、江蘇省光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)解決困境應(yīng)采取的措施

      (一)加強技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與進步

      江蘇的光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈雖已形成,在關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)并不具備明顯技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,與歐美等國相比仍有較大差距。江蘇省光伏出口長期以來都是以勞動密集型為主,技術(shù)的缺失是我們不斷遭受貿(mào)易壁壘的重要原因,技術(shù)的缺失也是阻礙產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的最大障礙。要實現(xiàn)光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,必須不斷突破各環(huán)節(jié)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù),提高產(chǎn)品性能。除了政府在資金、政策上的支持外,企業(yè)要保有不斷創(chuàng)新的意識,加強產(chǎn)、學(xué)、研、金融結(jié)合,加大研發(fā)投入,企業(yè)間要加快兼并重組,中小企業(yè)要向大企業(yè)靠攏,提高產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度、提升核心競爭力。

      (二)發(fā)展高效組件產(chǎn)業(yè),加快單晶技術(shù)發(fā)展

      對于發(fā)展光伏發(fā)電而言,要降低度電成本,就要提高組件的轉(zhuǎn)換率,發(fā)展高效組件產(chǎn)業(yè)。我國光伏產(chǎn)品一直以來是以多晶硅為主的。對此,要加強單晶技術(shù)的發(fā)展,加決布局單晶市場,要加大研發(fā)資金的投入,盡快突破技術(shù)瓶頸。通過發(fā)展高效組件產(chǎn)業(yè),也可以提高組件質(zhì)量、降低組件在使用過程中光電轉(zhuǎn)化率年均衰減,保障光伏電站的使用壽命和發(fā)電效率。

      (三)要進一步加大國內(nèi)市場與新興市場的開發(fā)

      從國內(nèi)市場來看,進一步擴大市場份額主要面臨光電尚未普遍實現(xiàn)平價上網(wǎng)、火電成本更低、棄光率高、光電電網(wǎng)配套設(shè)施不到位等問題。對此,要加快配套設(shè)施建設(shè)、注重發(fā)展分布式發(fā)電、提高大家使用清潔能源的環(huán)保意識,而對于成本問題,在真正實現(xiàn)通過技術(shù)進步降低成本之前,政府應(yīng)采取普遍性補貼來降低價格,鼓勵大家使用。

      從發(fā)展新興市場來看,要借“一帶一路”戰(zhàn)略機遇,進一步加強對沿線國家的合作與開發(fā)。沿線很多國家都是經(jīng)濟新興體和發(fā)展中國家,普遍處于經(jīng)濟上升期,光電市場潛力巨大。當(dāng)然,在發(fā)展新興市場過程中必然要而對那些強有力的競爭者,這就更加督促我們要加快技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的步伐。

      (四)積極應(yīng)對貿(mào)易摩擦

      光伏行業(yè)應(yīng)對貿(mào)易摩擦可以從對外和對內(nèi)兩個方而展開。對外要做到以下幾點:對于已達成協(xié)議的制裁措施,我企業(yè)要嚴格執(zhí)行,以穩(wěn)定市場;對于正在進行中的要積極應(yīng)訴,抱團應(yīng)訴,聯(lián)合國內(nèi)外可以團結(jié)的力量,通過磋商、法律抗辯來緩解摩擦;而對于有摩擦風(fēng)險的市場,要防患于未然,建立預(yù)警機制,要密切關(guān)注其動態(tài)。同時,要深化多元化市場格式以分散市場風(fēng)險。對內(nèi)則要做到:提高光伏行業(yè)準入標準,適度瘦身,淘汰落后產(chǎn)能,不斷提高產(chǎn)品品質(zhì),加強行業(yè)自律,進一步發(fā)展光電產(chǎn)業(yè)等。

      參考文獻:

      [1]魏政,于冰清.我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與對策探討[J].中外能源,2013(6).

      [2]李鋼.“雙反”沖擊下我國光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的困境與出路[J].對外經(jīng)貿(mào)實務(wù),2013(06).

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展范文第4篇

      關(guān)鍵詞:十二五規(guī)劃;光伏工程;人才培養(yǎng);應(yīng)用研究型

      中圖分類號:G642.0 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1674-9324(2012)12-0155-02

      一、太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)十二五發(fā)展規(guī)劃與啟示

      工信部于2012年2月24日印發(fā)《太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)“十二五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃》,規(guī)劃從經(jīng)濟目標、技術(shù)目標、創(chuàng)新目標和發(fā)電成本目標四個方面明確提出了太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展方向,作為光伏行業(yè)十二五最重要的規(guī)劃文件的,使得近日來一直處于寒冬的光伏行業(yè),終于迎來期盼的政策“溫暖”。規(guī)劃表示,“十二五”期間,光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)保持平穩(wěn)較快增長,多晶硅、太陽能電池等產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)國家可再生能源發(fā)展規(guī)劃確定的裝機容量要求,同時積極滿足國際市場發(fā)展需要。支持骨干企業(yè)做優(yōu)做強,到2015年形成:多晶硅領(lǐng)先企業(yè)達到5萬噸級,骨干企業(yè)達到萬噸級水平;太陽能電池領(lǐng)先企業(yè)達到5GW級,骨干企業(yè)達到GW級水平。規(guī)劃還調(diào)整了光伏發(fā)電成本目標,稱:到2015年,光伏組件成本下降到7000元/千瓦,光伏系統(tǒng)成本下降到1.3萬元/千瓦,發(fā)電成本下降到0.8元/千瓦時,光伏發(fā)電具有一定經(jīng)濟競爭力;到2020年,光伏組件成本下降到5000元/千瓦,光伏系統(tǒng)成本下降到1萬元/千瓦,發(fā)電成本下降到0.6元/千瓦時,在主要電力市場實現(xiàn)有效競爭。規(guī)劃還提到了“十二五”期間對光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的政策支持:提升光伏能源地位,加強產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略部署;加強行業(yè)管理,規(guī)范光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展;著力實施統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃,推進產(chǎn)業(yè)合理布局;積極培育多樣化市場,促進產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展;支持企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新,增強產(chǎn)業(yè)核心競爭力;完善標準體系,推動檢測認證、監(jiān)測制度建設(shè);加強行業(yè)組織建設(shè),積極參與國際競爭。作為河南省首批申辦光伏工程本科層次人才培養(yǎng)的高等院校,我們的人才培養(yǎng)理念和人才培養(yǎng)方案應(yīng)跟上國際形勢和國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的變化,針對光伏工程專業(yè)在校學(xué)生正在實施的人才培養(yǎng)方案,以及教學(xué)實踐的環(huán)節(jié)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的問題,做出及時調(diào)整,以滿足市場經(jīng)濟對人才的需求。

      二、光伏工程本科人才培養(yǎng)方案的思考

      1.本科光伏人才培養(yǎng)的定位。從十二五規(guī)劃看,我國的光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)要走自主發(fā)展道路,一改過去大量生產(chǎn)太陽能電池及原材料,企業(yè)依賴出口銷售的單一生產(chǎn)局面,多晶硅、太陽能電池等產(chǎn)品適應(yīng)國家可再生能源發(fā)展規(guī)劃確定的裝機容量要求,同時積極滿足國際市場發(fā)展需要,更重要的是要大幅度調(diào)整光伏發(fā)電成本,提升光伏能源地位,將逐步實施“太陽能屋頂”計劃推動市場應(yīng)用和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展。行業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展,以經(jīng)濟為基礎(chǔ)的同時必須有充足的人才作為支柱。就目前光伏行業(yè)人才現(xiàn)狀來看,出現(xiàn)兩個極端:一是高端人才,包括海歸在內(nèi)的太陽能相關(guān)專業(yè)的碩士博士生,他們是企業(yè)研發(fā)部門和科研單位向外挖取的對象;而另一方面是極少數(shù)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)生或經(jīng)過短期職業(yè)培訓(xùn)的技術(shù)工人,他們主要在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)一線從事技術(shù)勞動和管理工作。光伏行業(yè)目前的這種人才結(jié)構(gòu),不能滿足行業(yè)長足發(fā)展要求。而目前作為一個新興本科層次的光伏工程專業(yè),人才培養(yǎng)方案及模式在國內(nèi)同等層次的高校中,尚無可以參照執(zhí)行的標準。根據(jù)這種現(xiàn)狀,我們將人才培養(yǎng)目標定位在“本科層次,應(yīng)用研究型”,所謂的“應(yīng)用研究型”人才,是既可以在企業(yè)從事生產(chǎn)和管理工作,在生產(chǎn)一線作為技術(shù)員工程師使用,也能參與企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品研發(fā),補充到行業(yè)科研人員隊伍中,以彌補光伏行業(yè)人才的缺口。

      2.本科光伏人才培養(yǎng)的課程設(shè)置?!皯?yīng)用研究型”人才的培養(yǎng),需要我們在課程設(shè)置上合理配置,設(shè)計好基礎(chǔ)課、專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課、專業(yè)課的比例,本著“重基礎(chǔ)、寬口徑”的思路進行課程設(shè)置,同時滿足高校本科必須的實驗環(huán)節(jié)要求。為著重基礎(chǔ),光伏工程專業(yè)外語、計算機應(yīng)用四年不間斷,同時電磁學(xué)、電動力學(xué)、電工學(xué)、電路、模擬電子和數(shù)字電子技術(shù)、光學(xué)、固體物理、半導(dǎo)體物理與器件、工程企圖等都要保證足夠的學(xué)時數(shù);專業(yè)課與專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課覆蓋面要適中,既包括應(yīng)用光伏學(xué)、光伏建筑一體化、光伏技術(shù)與工藝、光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與施工,還應(yīng)該有太陽能電池材料等方面的課程;在選修課程與科技創(chuàng)新活動教學(xué)計劃中要列舉更多的與太陽能相關(guān)聯(lián)的可選課目,如潔凈能源與不可再生能源,能源材料、應(yīng)用軟件,科技創(chuàng)新等。在各個課程計劃中應(yīng)保證足夠的實驗學(xué)時,確保理論與實踐合理配置。

      3.“應(yīng)用研究型”人才是光伏行業(yè)當(dāng)前的市場需求。光伏工程“應(yīng)用研究型”本科人才培養(yǎng)以“重基礎(chǔ)、寬口徑”為思路,既符合我國光伏行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀,也符合當(dāng)前大學(xué)生就業(yè)市場的需要。盡管在國際國內(nèi)太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)都持續(xù)迅猛發(fā)展,我國按十二五規(guī)劃既定方針,即便是五年內(nèi)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)成本下降到1.3萬元/千瓦,發(fā)電成本下降到0.8元/千瓦時,與傳統(tǒng)水力發(fā)電或火力發(fā)電成本不足0.2元/千瓦時相比,發(fā)電成本還是很高。另一方面,要上馬光伏發(fā)電系享受國家財政補貼需經(jīng)過嚴格審批制度,企業(yè)完全靠自行投資光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)回收資金周期太長,再者太陽能發(fā)電單位面積上功率小,國家電網(wǎng)大規(guī)模上項目受到場地的限制,所以目前和相當(dāng)一段時間里,光伏發(fā)電要走用電企業(yè)自發(fā)電、供電之路,要經(jīng)歷一段“星星之火可以燎原”發(fā)展的模式。這種發(fā)展模式對人才的需求更是“技能+應(yīng)用+研究”的多面手。我們輸送的人才要對發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的運行、維護、故障處理等有全面的掌控能力。然而光伏發(fā)電的大規(guī)模形成需要一個過程,在這個過程中,畢業(yè)生要面對就業(yè)的雙向選擇,不能否認會有一部分畢業(yè)生從事光伏相關(guān)甚至相近(如LED等)行業(yè)的工作。為了擴大畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)局面,我們本著“重基礎(chǔ)、寬口徑”的指導(dǎo)思想,把“應(yīng)用研究型”作為光伏人才培養(yǎng)的目標,是當(dāng)下行業(yè)本科人才培養(yǎng)的基本模式。

      4.鼓勵更多的學(xué)生參與大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新。學(xué)生綜合能力的培養(yǎng)是一個系統(tǒng)工程。課程設(shè)置為學(xué)生系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)理論知識創(chuàng)造了必要條件,實踐性環(huán)節(jié)和校外課堂也是學(xué)生汲取知識的不可缺要的途徑。鼓勵學(xué)生積極參與科技創(chuàng)新是非常必要的。這些年來,各個高校很重視學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新工作,鼓勵學(xué)生積極參與教師科研課題,或者教師科研課題分出一部分作為子課題讓學(xué)生來做,這是對學(xué)生科研能力、團隊精神、分析問題解決問題能力培養(yǎng)的很好方式。我們在光伏工程人才培養(yǎng)方案中,很重視對學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng),學(xué)校在這方面也給予了很大支持,每年都有學(xué)生創(chuàng)新項目和大學(xué)生基金項目申報和審批,并有一定的資金支持,還給予必要的學(xué)籍學(xué)分。事實證明,學(xué)生參與科研的積極性主動性是非常高的。在這項工作中,既培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新意思,提高了他們解決問題克服困難的能力,也加強了學(xué)生的團隊合作精神。

      俗話說“十年樹木,百年育人”,人才的培養(yǎng)與教育是系統(tǒng)工程,人才培養(yǎng)方案的科學(xué)性與合理性需要歷經(jīng)實踐來檢驗,要在執(zhí)行中不斷修改和完善。光伏工程這個最新興的行業(yè)人才培養(yǎng)方案正在不斷地修改和完善中。

      參考文獻:

      [1]太陽能光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)“十二五”發(fā)展規(guī)劃[Z].

      光伏產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展范文第5篇

      關(guān)鍵詞:發(fā)展;國內(nèi)市場與國際市場;機遇與挑戰(zhàn)

      一、Development

      The Chinese photovotaic industry developments in 2015 saw both an increase in profitability and rising stock market values. The latter reflected an increased expectation of continued improvement in industry performance. The first half of 2015, shipments of Chinese photovotaic companies are on the up trend, the profitability has been greatly improved, the majority of Chinese photovotaic companies achieved profitability. in the first and second quarter of 2015 , there are seven Photovotaic companies announced their shipments data, which is RENE Sola(昱輝), HANWHA(韓華), YINGLI(英利), JA Solar(晶澳), Canadian Solar(阿特斯), JINKO(晶科), TRINA Solar(天合光能). Currently, these seven companies are the best seven companies in Chinese Photovotaic development. The data they published can represent a certain extent China’s development of photovotaic industry in 2015.

      As we can see, In the first half of 2015. Trina shipments grew 20%, JINKO shipments grew 16%, HANWHA shipments grew 16%, JA Solar shipments grew 12%. RENE Sola, Canadian Solar, YINGLI decreased by 12.7%, 17% , 3%, respectively. Compared to 2014, HANWHA, JINKO, Canadian Solar, TRINA Solar, JA Solar shipments grew 81%, 38%, 32%, 30.6% and 16%, respectively. RENE Sola and YINGLI decreased 13.5% and 18% compare with 2014.

      In the Chinese A-share stock market, shares of photovotaic has four listed companies in a loss; nine listed companies net profit are declined, More noteworthy is that in the first half of 2015, total revenue of 22 listed companies, increased about 17% compared with last year’s 22.7 billion yuan. In second quarter of 2015, JINKO’s gross profit rate reached to 21%(about 75 million US dollars), which ranks the forefront of domestic and foreign enterprises. But YINGLI’s gross profit rate has fallen to 10.35% in the first half of 2015, it leads to YINGLI attributable to ordinary shareholders in the first half profit is -961 million RMB. (about 150 million US dollars) Overall, Chinese photovotaic industry is in a process of steady improvement. Investors are optimistic about the future of the photovoltaic industry enterprise earnings reflects the company’s confidence in the capital market outlook. In Chinese A-share stock market, the median level of the photovotaic business have 41times earnings, compared to other manufacturing industries, photovotaic industry have a greater advantage, which reflecting investor optimism about the future prospects of the photovoltaic industry.

      From the situation of Chinese economic development, Chinese economic slowdown shows that China is transforming from investment-led economy to become economy consumer led economy. So as the Chinese photovotaic industry, not only exports, expand the domestic market and the government advocate photovoltaic applications. But even so, in the first half of 2015, exports in Chinese photovotaic grew. Because the global demand still rising, and China supplies more than 70% of global photovotaic production capacity. In the second half of 2015, China’s photovoltaic industry will show a steady upward trend, but the development of photovotaic industry still facing many problems, including a relative weakness in the competitiveness of manufacturing, enterprises’ financial difficulties. In the short run, the photovoltaic industry will remain in an adjustment phase, as corporate mergers and acquisitions and the integration of resources will be accelerated. Competitive enterprises with the advantages of technology, capital, management, and other aspects of the brand will further seize market opportunities.

      二、Anti-dumping and Countervailing

      The international financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis, has led to a sharp reduction in the global photovotaic market demand and a severe slowdown in the pace of development of photovoltaic industry.In October 2011, the United States launched an investigation into the case for considering Anti-dumping and countervailing measures against Chinese photovotaic industry. At this point, Chinese photovotaic industry has entered a “winter period” as its production slows down. The Chinese photovotaic production mode is raw materials (include multicrystalline and silicon solar panels) and sales are both in foreign markets, while processing and production are in the Chinese mainland, so that the photovotaic company can take advantage of cheap labor to generate its competitive advantages. Reducing demand in European and American photovotaic market and the “double reverse” investigation has brought the Chinese photovoltaic industry to examine the weakness of it score competitiveness, as reflected in its excess production capacity, imbalance of the market distribution and other issues. It is important to analyze the influence of the “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation to development of Chinese photovotaic industry.

      First of all, for the Chinese photovotaic companies in Europe and America “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation of photovoltaic products directly lead to a decline in exports, which caused huge losses to the Chinese enterprises. January 2015, China and the United States announced the second final junction photovoltaic dual case, the result will affect the export value of 2 billion to 3 billion U.S. dollars, and will affect hundreds of thousands of Chinese photovotaic manufacturing practitioners’ lives. In general, as this trade circumvention of Chinese exports is extremely unfavorable findings often impose high anti-dumping duties, some companies are likely to face closure and lay-offs.

      Low cost is the main competitive advantage of Chinese photovotaic products (the current cost of large-scale photovotaic companies in China sales of photovotaic modules in the United States is about $ 0.75, the average price in US is $ 0.97). China’s photovotaic industry dependent on imports of raw materials, a large share of its sales is dependent on exports, overcapacity is a major problem in China’s domestic market. Although the Chinese solar cell production has accounted for most of the international market, but it still more than 90% of products dependent on the international market, the largest market share is in Europe, its formation is highly external dependent. Chinese photovotaic industry by the United States of “Anti-dumping and countervailing” in 2011, its output increase significantly slowed. From 2010 to 2011, China photovotaic production increase of 9981MW, after “Anti-dumping and countervailing”, from 2011 to 2012 was 166MW, less than one sixtieth of the previous annual increase. Because of China’s photovotaic products to enter the European market by Taiwan or other areas, and China is developing its own domestic photovoltaic applications market, therefore, in 2013 China’s photovoltaic production on the rise again. But 2014 has led to a second wave of “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation, cutting off the third-party channels, so once again cause damage to the development of China’s photovoltaic industry. In general, China’s solar photovoltaic industry in the global solar industry chain middle-level manufacturing sectors. Manufacturing sectors due to the low investment, short construction period, low technology and capital threshold, the emergence of a large number of Photovotaic production enterprises was possible. However, since the United States and Europe continue to “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation, had the effect of promoting the continued expansion of China’s domestic application market, while increasing the employment market for photovoltaic applications of solar energy photovoltaic industry.

      三、International market

      In recent years, the rapid development of China Photovotaic industry in the international market, not just in the US and European markets accounted for a significant market share. In fact, demand from the US and European markets has been weakening, and they have turned to trade protectionism to protect their domestic companies, “Anti-dumping and countervailing” investigation is the proof. Based on this situation, China’s Photovotaic industry has also entered into the rest of the world, especially the Third World countries to seek opportunities.

      (This Image is from Internet)

      As we can see, world Solar energy distributed mainly in West Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Oceania, Moreover, most countries in these regions are developing countries of the Third World. They have tremendous economic development and Photovotaic markets.

      四、Asia

      Pakistan has been in the grip of severe energy shortages for many years with some rural areas left without power for up to 20 hours a day. There has been little local or foreign investment in the industrial sector because of the extensive power cuts, and a number of factories have had to close down. This is the first energy project under the US $46 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, a key part of China’s ‘new silk roads’, linking the port at Gwadar in southern Pakistan with Kashgar in China’s western region of Xinjiang. Pakistan has a large number of solar energy photovoltaic power generation, which can partially absorb the excess production capacity of China’s Photovotaic sector.[7] The plant is located in Bahawalpur region Thar desert, it is Pakistan’s first and it is the world’s largest solar power plant.

      五、Africa

      Africa has large tracts of land that are not covered by the grid, which precisely provides a good opportunity for solar energy development in Africa. Due to the imperfections of the national grid, although many regions are still using traditional kerosene (African countries spend more than 10 billion US dollars on kerosene per year. Residents spent 10%-30% of disposable income on kerosene.), but Solar energy has now become African countries’ choices. From the first chart of this article above we can see Solar energy is abundant in Africa, it is paradise of renewable energy.

      From the Steven Sinofsky’s article “Africa’s Mobile-Sun Revolution”[8], he believes that the development of the mobile communications business in Africa can greatly improve the living standards of the African people, alleviating poverty in Africa. He thinks the solar power combined with large-scale batteries will be the “grid” in developing markets in the near future.

      “An amazing transformation is taking place, and that is the rise of solar. What we might see as an exotic or luxury form of power for hikers and backpackers, or something reasonably well-off people use to augment their home power, has become as common a sight as the water pump.”

      In Sinofsky’s article, he thinks there were two factors has brought solar so quickly and cheaply to Africa people. First, China has been investing massively in solar technology, solar panels and solar-powered devices. That has brought choice and low prices, as one would expect. In seeking growth opportunities, Chinese companies are looking to the vast market opportunity in Africa, where people are still not connected to a grid. There’s a full supply chain of innovation, from the solar through to integrated appliances with batteries.

      Second, China has a significant presence in many African countries, and is contributing a massive amount of support in dollars and people to build out more traditional infrastructure, particularly transportation. In fact, many Chinese immigrants in these countries on work projects become the first customers of some of these solar innovations.

      Their first stop will be one of the biggest solar power stations on the continent in Garissa, Kenya. Chinese solar panel makers are set to supply the majority of the $140 million needed to build the power station, according to state-owned China Jiangxi Corporation for International Economic and Technical Cooperation, the deal’s coordinator. The move will give Chinese manufacturers a base of operation to expand their presence across Africa[9]. Kenya has a huge potential for power generation from solar energy resources. The government, of the last few years, has started taking initiatives to significantly boost solar power generation in the country, focusing on distributed as well as utility-scale solar power projects. The Kenyan solar park will generate up to 76 million kWh of electricity annually and provide power for about 350,000 people, half of Garissa’s population. Chinese solar companies “mired in debt and overcapacity are in great need to find alternative markets, as their biggest importer will probably buy less due to the duties,” Xinhuanet said. After China finishes building the Kenyan plant, Xinhuanet added, “Chinese solar panel makers may bulk up in Africa.”

      六、Opportunities and Challenges

      From 2011 to 2015, the recession in 2011 was indeed a great shock to the Chinese Photovotaic industry, It is obvious that China was already suffering the lowest profit in Photovotaic markets. As we can see, so far the Chinese Photovotaic industry looks like already came out of the shadow of the “Anti-dumping and Countervailing” investigation by USA and EU. I believe that investigation in fact helped Chinese Photovotaic enterprises in the self-adjustment, and there are many Photovotaic companies who have no capacity to effectively compete in international markets and were forced out of the market. China’s Photovotaic industry is no longer blind pursuit of low prices and high yields, but began to improve their technological level, government subsidies will be gone sooner or later. A healthy industry growth should be independent of government subsidy and sustain on its own. So they hope to be able to create a strong international market competitiveness.

      久久天天躁夜夜躁狠狠| 国内自拍偷拍一区二区| 久久久亚洲av成人乱码| 国产精品久久久久一区二区三区 | 亚洲精品成人网站在线观看| 国产精品久久久一本精品| 91精品福利一区二区三区| 成人无码一区二区三区| 成在人线av无码免观看麻豆| 美女爽好多水快进来视频| 日韩激情视频一区在线观看| 久久99精品久久久久久噜噜| 吸咬奶头狂揉60分钟视频| 国产精品无码久久久久久蜜臀AV| 午夜精品男人天堂av| 久久人妻无码一区二区| 国产精品熟妇视频国产偷人| 中文字幕麻豆一区二区| 亚洲日本人妻少妇中文字幕| 人妻体体内射精一区二区| 欧美国产亚洲日韩在线二区| 久久精品中文字幕免费| 国产黄色av一区二区三区| a级毛片高清免费视频就| 精品久久久久久蜜臂a∨| 美女视频在线观看一区二区三区| 秋霞国产av一区二区三区| 自拍偷拍一区二区三区四区| 草逼动态图视频免费观看网站| 亚洲男人av天堂午夜在| 久久无码高潮喷水免费看| 精品久久人妻一区二区 | 377p日本欧洲亚洲大胆张筱雨| 99视频全部免费精品全部四虎| 日本熟妇视频在线中出| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又仑精品| 一本之道高清无码视频| 无码av永久免费大全| 激情文学婷婷六月开心久久| 亚洲av无码专区首页| 91亚洲精品福利在线播放|