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阿迪吊絲范文第1篇

【Key words】media coverage； CDA discourse； language

1. Introduction

The debates over nations’ claims to territory have always been contentious and are supposed to be among the most prominent sources of conflict between states （Suganuma， 2000）. In the East Asia， the dispute since early 1970s between China and Japan over a tiny group of islands， known as the Diaoyu Islands in Chinese or Senkaku Islands in Japanese has become a typical example of this irredentist arguments between nations. Viewers were bombarded with considerable continuous news report in different types of media worldwide， for example， American media and Korean media. By critically analyzing and making contrast with media coverages from the United States and Korea， with the principle of two approaches of media analysis―critical discourse analysis and myth， this study serves to explore in depth the different attitudes and ways of American and Korean media coverages when reporting controversy dispute between states.

2. Methodology

Three different sources of different genres―news stories and columns concerning this dispute including the American and Korean will be analyzed using theoretical framework critical discourse analysis and myth. According to Fairclough （1995， 1989）， “critical discourse analysis” （CDA） is a way of defining discourse as “a form of social practice”. He also argued that all linguistic usage encodes ideological inclinations （Fairclough， 1992）. Besides， another contributor of CDA approach Van Dijk（1998） asserted that ideologies moulded the basis of the social representations and practices of group members， their discourse in turn serve as the means of ideological production， reproduction and challenge. Additionally， the approach Myth will be used to analyze pictures. In Roland Barthes’s book Mythologies， he gives a definition： “myth is a system of communication， that it is a message. It is a mode of signification， a form”（Barthes， 1972， p.109）. He also suggests that as a type of communication， mythology can be served as the study of semiology.

3. Analysis

The first news report is taken from the Christian Science Monitor， an American independent international news organization. On the 5th of March in 2013， it has been 4 months since the dispute over the“nationalize”of Diaoyu island， Peter Ford， a staff writer posted an article as a comment on this unresolved issue. The first paragraph as follows： “Japan and China remain deadlocked in a potentially disastrous game of chicken over their rival territorial claims”（Ford， 2013）. Peter termed the dispute as a disastrous game of chicken. This use of rhetorical figure―simile is intended to emphasize the opinions of speakers and then influence the opinions represented in the models of recipients （Giles & Coupland， 1991； Scherer & Giles， 1979）. In American culture， the game of chicken， also known as the hawk-dove game is the game which most teenagers play. The principle of the game is that while each player prefers not to yield to the other， the worst possible outcome occurs when both players do not yield. This simile is used to negatively describe the unresolved dispute between China and Japan， namely， the irrational intransigence of both side and the deepening crisis. This statement involving rhetorical lexical choice is a kind of dominant media frame which Americans usually adopt to keep a neutral political stance. In the first sentence， the dispatch of Chinese military force―naval vessels， surveillance ships is described as the movement of “undermine Japan’s administration” and “China’s maritime intrusions” by the author， revealing his subjective perception that it is an insidious activity aiming at posing a great threat to Japan’s administration. The lexical choice of media language which is supposed to be nearly covert operations， is seldom fully noticed by readers because its inner meaning above the threshold of consciousness.（Butt et al. 2004： 270）. This covert operations， can be employed to exert the desired influence on public opinion even to have a political effect. The use of these word bearing a negative property implies that China plays a role of invader whose behaviour is violent and threatening. Intrusion does not merely indicate a violent act， but also an illegal and unwelcomed entry. It’s not difficult to find that the author highlights the massive and illegal possessing of Chinese maritime force and indicate the victim of Japanese side. Consequently， defining Chinese movement as well as mentioning Japanese attitude in this two sentences creates an ideology for the general public that this Chinese illegal act is an infringement of Japanese’s sovereignty.

However， as a different side of world， the reports from Korean media coverage is not the same as American’s. One of articles from Korea Joongang Daily will be analyzed. On the 13th of September in 2012， a bilingual column featured a detailed introduction of Japan’s behaviour towards China for Diaoyu islands dispute and Korean for Dokdo islets issue as well as fierce comments on them. Headlined “Cards not stacked in Japan’s favor”， the author described： “At the same time， Japan has inflamed tensions with China by turning the waters around the Diaoyu islands， known in Japan as Senkaku， in the East China Sea into a conflict zone after Tokyo decided to nationalize the inhabited islands by purchasing them from so-called private owners. ”In terms of the islands’name， the author used Chinese version Diaoyu ahead of Japanese Senkaku as his first introduction of this dispute， which is a contrast of U.S. media coverage’s uninhabited rocks. It implies that Korea is prone to acknowledge the China’s sovereignty of Diaoyu islands. Moreover， when the author says “by purchasing them from so-called private owners”， he also implies that Japan’s purchase can be treated as a private purchase lacking of necessary due procedure of law. The Korean political stance is also can be reflected by the definition of Chinese maritime movement. By saying “conduct a routine monitoring of the islands”， it conveys less sentiment than U.S. version “intrusion”. Notably， from Korean perspective， it tries to justify Chinese maritime petrol and emphasize on the Japan’s illegal purchase to support Chinese. Besides， the author also adopts strategy of positive self-representation and negative other-representation as an effective device in persuasion and justification. Thus， the author’s discourse becomes more ideologically explicit so as to influence the recipients.

Based on the analysis above about this dispute， it can be concluded that the American media tended to adopt some rhetorical figures and quotation marks to keep news factual and authentic（but the inclination is still can be reflected） whereas Korean media made fierce comments on Japanese role played not only in Diaoyu dispute but also Dokdo islets tension. The reason why these two countries’s media coverage hold different ways and attitudes lies in their different political ideological orientation. Chilton （2004， p.14） asserts that “politics is very largely the use of language.”In spite of the “maximum freedom from government control and commercialization” （Whitten-Woodring & James 2012， p.116） American media enjoys， it would like to show its objectiveness and justification in news report. It is concluded that such an criticized opinion （the discourse expressing it） as contextually and politically based is to support one’s claims（van Dijk， 1983）.

4. Conclusion

A close examination of two news reports concerning Diaoyu islands dispute from the American media and Chines media under the approach of critical discourse analysis including major strategies of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation. Lexicalization and rhetorical figures and mythologies revealed that two countries’ media different attitudes and ways presented are based on the crucial role of their distinct political discourse and its product―ideological orientation. Exploring the ideological operations hidden within media coverages enables us to understand the interests of power that they serve. However， it has not been possible to cover all the aspects and latest research， so further examination of the complicated and persuasive representations of media sources will need to be conducted in future.

⒖嘉南祝

阿迪吊絲范文第2篇

筆者認(rèn)為，讓標(biāo)語釋放出“正能量”是一件很關(guān)鍵的事。所謂“正能量”，是指能給人積極向上和希望，鼓舞人不斷追求，讓生活學(xué)習(xí)變得圓滿幸福的動力和感情。有“正能量”的標(biāo)語，應(yīng)該是積極、陽光、不功利，并能夠讓學(xué)生情動心動并付諸行動的。如果一條標(biāo)語讓學(xué)生一看就生畏懼之心，這樣的標(biāo)語不要也罷。好的標(biāo)語應(yīng)該或直白或含蓄地教給學(xué)生具體的做法，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，激勵學(xué)生積極向上，讓學(xué)生感受生活的美好，品嘗奮斗的幸福感，教給學(xué)生做人的準(zhǔn)則，讓學(xué)生學(xué)會正確地交往……總之，應(yīng)該給學(xué)生一個明確而不功利的奮斗方向。

筆者九月份在浙大紫金港校區(qū)看到兩條創(chuàng)意新穎、讓人眼前一亮的迎新標(biāo)語：“做一個明媚的女子，不傾城，不傾國，以優(yōu)雅姿勢去摸爬滾打。”“做一個豐盈的男子，不虛化，不浮躁，以先鋒之姿去奮斗拼搏?！边@兩條標(biāo)語把“做人第一”具象化了，雖有搞怪嫌疑，但能給剛跨入大學(xué)校園的學(xué)子一種精神引領(lǐng)。

我任教的班級有這樣的標(biāo)語：入門即靜，入室即學(xué)。這樣的標(biāo)語給我很安靜的感覺，在教室外學(xué)生可以玩鬧，但教室應(yīng)該是安靜的場所。標(biāo)語明確告訴高一的新生應(yīng)該養(yǎng)成良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣，相比那些“成功”“拼搏”之類的標(biāo)語要高明。還有一條是“低下頭來做事，抬起頭來做人”，告訴學(xué)生低頭腳踏實地地學(xué)習(xí)，是抬頭自信做人的前提，對學(xué)生既有學(xué)習(xí)上的要求，又有做人準(zhǔn)則的引領(lǐng)。

但是，我們見到的很多標(biāo)語會有這樣那樣的負(fù)面導(dǎo)引?！俺缘每嘀锌?，方為人上人”，這條標(biāo)語可以激勵人去奮斗，但帶有很強的功利性，奮斗的目的是什么？難道學(xué)習(xí)就是為了出人頭地嗎？某中學(xué)電子顯示屏出現(xiàn)過一句勵志標(biāo)語：“沒有高考，你拼得過富二代嗎？”把富二代與一般學(xué)生分隔開來，這樣的標(biāo)語會向?qū)W生傳遞一種社會交往錯覺。還有網(wǎng)上瘋傳的一條“勵志標(biāo)語”：“不學(xué)習(xí)的女人只有兩個下場：逛不完的菜市場，穿不完的地攤貨。不學(xué)習(xí)的男人只有兩個下場：穿不完的阿迪吊絲，撿不完的破瓶爛罐?！蹦切┏涑馍鐣⒔@的功利、淺薄文化，會給學(xué)生帶來很大的負(fù)面影響。還有的標(biāo)語則夸大了學(xué)習(xí)的艱辛，弱化了學(xué)習(xí)的樂趣，“流血流汗不流淚，掉皮掉肉不掉隊”“多考一分，干掉千人”，宣傳“流血流汗”“掉皮掉肉”的學(xué)習(xí)，宣傳人與人之間爾虞我詐的競爭，難道不讓學(xué)生心寒？有的標(biāo)語則從頭到尾都是讓人喪氣絕望的字眼，“灰心生失望，失望生動搖，動搖生失敗”，如果學(xué)生一天到晚置身于這樣的氛圍中，會有多么壓抑！

當(dāng)然，上述標(biāo)語的缺陷是很明顯的，人們都能看到其中蘊含的負(fù)面效應(yīng)，更可怕的是那些披著勵志的外衣，人們都認(rèn)同卻無法給學(xué)生任何積極暗示的假大空的標(biāo)語，比如“高水平學(xué)習(xí)，高境界做人”。你知道什么叫“高水平學(xué)習(xí)”嗎，你知道什么叫“高境界做人”嗎？誰都說不出個所以然，所以這只是一個永遠(yuǎn)也達不到的目標(biāo)。“一切為了孩子，為了孩子一切，為了一切孩子”，這條空而無當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)語能給學(xué)生多少觸動？再比如，“攀蟾折桂，舍我其誰”，當(dāng)中的霸氣與提倡和諧的同學(xué)關(guān)系也是格格不入。

勵志標(biāo)語不妨更人情化一些、樂觀一些、陽光一些、具體一些，真正給學(xué)生傳遞一些“正能量”。像“信心比黃金更珍貴，拼搏比理想更現(xiàn)實”“不比家境，比志氣；不比基礎(chǔ)，比進步；不比聰明，比勤奮”之類的標(biāo)語，肯定更能觸動學(xué)生的心靈。只有能讓學(xué)生情動心動加行動的標(biāo)語，才是真正直指人心的好標(biāo)語。