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[Abstract]Duetodifferentcultures,EnglishandChinesepeoplehaveformedtheirownmodesofthought,whichinfluencetheirlivingwaysgreatly,especiallytheirownlanguages.Modeofthoughtisaverycomplicatedabstractconceptionconnectedcloselytophilosophy.InthispaperIwillmainlyconcernonEnglishindividualismandChineseentirety,becausetheirdifferenceisthemostdistinctoneexistinginmodesofthought.Englishpeoplepreferindividualism,whichleadsthemtosubordinatetherecognizedobjectsintosmallparts.WhileChinesepeoplelikeentirety,theyprefertotaketheworldasawhole.Thinkingpatternshavebeenclearlyreflectedonlanguages,asaresultofwhichEnglishishypotacticandChineseisparatactic.Thispapercentersonthedifferencesofhypotacticandparatacticcharacteristicsinlanguagesandtheirformingreasons—modesofthought.Englishpeoplepreferstomakegooduseofthehypotacticmarkerstolinkthesentencecomponents,whileChineseusuallytrytounderstandtheworldbytheirownintuition.InthispaperthedifferencesareexplainedthroughEnglish-Chinesetranslationandthestatisticsarealsogiventoprovethem.

[KeyWords]comparison;modeofthought;languages;English;Chinese

[摘要]根源于不同的文化淵源,英漢兩族人民形成了他們各自的思維模式。這種思維模式的差異深深地影響了他們的各種生活方式,尤其體現(xiàn)在語言上。思維模式是一個非常復(fù)雜抽象的概念,與哲學(xué)密切相關(guān)。在這篇論文中我將主要闡釋英民族的個體性思維和漢民族的整體性思維,因?yàn)樗鼈冎g的差異是思維模式中最突出的一面。英民族偏愛個體性思維,這使他們在認(rèn)識世界時慣于將認(rèn)知對象劃分為小個體。然而,漢民族偏愛整體性思維,將世界看成一個整體。語言深刻地反映了思維模式的這種差異,因此就形成了英語的形合特征和漢語的意合特征。這篇論文側(cè)重闡述語言中的形合和意合特征以及它們各種的形成原因----思維模式。英語民族的人民慣于利用形合標(biāo)志連接句子成分,而漢民族卻常常應(yīng)用自身的直覺來體會世界。這篇論文將通過英譯漢的翻譯和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來證實(shí)此觀點(diǎn)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]英漢思維；對比；語言；英語；漢語

1.Introduction

ThefamousWhorfhypothesisthinksthatlanguageshavedeterminingeffectsonmodesofthought,whichisformedrelativelytolanguagesanddifferentlanguageswillbringondifferentthinkingpatterns.[1]p35LiuMiqing(劉宓慶)holdstheopinionthatmodesofthoughthascontrolledoverlanguages[2]p35,andlanguagesaretheconcretemanifestationofmodesofthought.Inmyopinion,modesofthoughtdecidetheuseoflanguages,andthereasonshowlanguagesareinfluencedbymodesofthoughtshouldbeexaminedfromtheirrelationship.

Modesofthoughtandlanguagesinfluenceandreflecteachotherclosely.“Thinkingpatterns,thoughtcharacteristicsandthinkingstylesarethephilosophicalmechanismoflanguageproduction.Languageactuallyattachescloselytothethoughtthatistheprofoundmechanism.”[3]p166Thinkingpatternsarethedeep-rootedmechanismoftheforminganddevelopingoflanguages,andontheotherhandlanguageshelptopromotetheforminganddevelopingofmodesofthought.Languageisthecarrierofthinkingandabstractionofreality,andmodeofthoughtistheconsciousactivityinwhichpeople’smindsreflectandrealizetheobjectivereality.[4]p36Thedifferencesbetweenthinkingpatternsarethemainreasonsthatresultinthedifferencesoflanguageforms,soIthinkthestudyofthefeatures,thetransitionandtherelationshipoflanguagesshouldbestartedwiththestudyofmodesofthoughtwhichconnectcloselywiththeculturesandthelanguages.English-Chinesemodesofthoughthavetheirowncharacteristicsinthinkingcore,thinkingpattern,cognitionhabitsandthinkingprinciples.AsatoolforcommunicationthebasicattributeofEnglishandChinesearethesame,sotherearemanysimilaritiesduringthedescriptionandthinkingwiththetwolanguages.Butbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheirowncultures,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages,andbasedondifferentcomparisonfoundationtherearemanydifferentkindsofresults.

InthispaperEnglish-ChinesetranslationwillbegivenandanalyzedindetailsinordertounderstandthedifferencesofthemodesofthoughtbetweenEnglishandChinesethroughtheirlanguagemanifestations.StatisticswillbegiventoexplainthedifferencesofEnglishandChinese,whichisthefoundationformyanalyzingofthedifferencesoftheirownthinkingpatterns.Asweknow,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages,suchashypotaxisandparataxis,passiveandactive,staticanddynamic,impersonandperson.Butinthispassage,Iwillonlymainlydiscussfromonepointwhichishypotaxisandparataxis.AsNidastatesinhisbookthatstudyfromlinguistics,themostimportantdifferentcharacteristicbetweenChineseandEnglishisthedifferenceofparataxisandhypotaxis.[5]P13LiuMiqingholdstheopinionthathypotaxisandparataxisarethe“uniquecharacteristic”forEnglishandChinese.[6]P13Thecomparisonofthedifferencewillbedescribedthroughstatisticaldescriptionandthedeep-rootedreasonsofthinkingpatternswillalsobegiventoexplaintheformingofthelanguagedifference.

2.TheexampleoftheEnglishtoChinesetranslation

2.1Englishoriginal

Weknowthatcleanenergytechnologieshavegreatappealtothedevelopingworldbeyondthevalueweinthedevelopedworldattachtotheircapacitytolimitclimatechange.Africa,forexample,barelyaccountsfor1%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.It’snotsurprisingthenthatourpartnersonthiscontinentaremoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentpotentialofsustainableenergy.ThepricevolatilityofAfrica’shydrocarbonimportshasplayedhavocwitheachstate’seconomyoverrecentdecadesandstymiedprogress.REEEP(RenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnership)’ssupportforprovenrenewabletechnologies,suchassolarwaterheatingandco-generation---whichofcourserelyonlocalproductswhichdon’tneedtobeimported---willgreatlyincreasethereliabilityofAfrica’senergysupply,andtherebyhelpspurdevelopment.

Thecreatingofamoreevendistributionofenergysupplywill,inturn,fuelnewemploymentandcommercialopportunities,particularlyinruralareas.Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheglobethatweseeinthecurrentlymarkedandunacceptabledifferencebetweenrichandpoornationsintermsofaccesstoanduseofenergysupplies.[7]P269

2.2TheChinesetranslation

清潔性能源技術(shù)因?yàn)槟軌蚓徑鈿夂蜃兓艿轿覀儼l(fā)達(dá)國家的青睞。同樣，這種技術(shù)對發(fā)展中國家也有巨大的吸引力，但其價值卻不止于此。例如，非洲的溫室效應(yīng)排放量勉強(qiáng)占世界總量的1%。因此，我們在本大陸的伙伴更加關(guān)注可持續(xù)性能源的發(fā)展?jié)撃芤簿筒蛔銥槠媪?。最近幾十年來非洲烴進(jìn)口價格的不穩(wěn)定性已經(jīng)給各國經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了巨大破壞并妨礙了發(fā)展。再生性能源與能源效率合作組織（PEEEP）對已證實(shí)的再生性能源技術(shù)的資助，如太陽能熱水器和熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)技術(shù)—當(dāng)然，這只依賴本地產(chǎn)品，不必進(jìn)口—將大大增加非洲能源供應(yīng)的可靠性，從而促進(jìn)發(fā)展。

反過來，建立更均衡的能源供應(yīng)可以提供新的就業(yè)和商業(yè)機(jī)會，尤其是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)。在能源供應(yīng)的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國與貧國之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會不公。[8]P274-275

3.Themainaspectofthedifferences---hypotaxisandparataxis

ResultedfromdifferentthinkingpatternstherearesomanydifferentcharacteristicsbetweenEnglishandChinese.Thecompletestudyofthelanguagecharacteristicssurelywillrequiremanyeffectsandtime,sobasedonmyownlimitedknowledge,Iwillonlytrytoexplainthecharacteristicsofhypotaxisandparataxisandtheirformingresults.

Inmyownopinionthecharacteristicsofhypotaxisandparataxisarethemostimportantdifferences,andtheanalysisofthemcanletusbetterunderstandthetwolanguagesandtheirownmodesofthought.

3.1Thedefinitionsofthetwoconcepts

Thedifferencesofhypotaxisandparataxisshouldbeexaminedbasedonthetheory,andnextIwillfirstgiveadescriptionoftheirconceptsandcombinethemtotheEnglish-Chinesetranslationanalyzingsomesentencesindetails.

3.1.1Thedefinitionofhypotaxis

Thesocalledhypotaxisreferstothecasethatthecomponentpartsofasentencearejoinedtogetherbyusingdefiniteconnectives,suchaspreposition,relativepronouns,conjunction,affixes,etc.[9]P35

3.1.2Thedefinitionofparataxis

Parataxismeansthatthecomponentpartsofthesentenceareplacedinadefiniteordertoindicatetheirrelationshipwithoutanyconnectivesinbetween.So,thesyntacticstructureappearstobesomewhatloose,butratherconciseandexpressive.[10]P36

3.2Example

(1)Englishoriginal:

Weknowthatcleanenergytechnologieshavegreatappealtothedevelopingworldbeyondthevalueweinthedevelopedworldattachtotheircapacitytolimitclimatechange.

Chineseversion:

清潔性能源技術(shù)因?yàn)槟軌蚓徑鈿夂蜃兓艿轿覀儼l(fā)達(dá)國家的青睞。同樣，這種技術(shù)對發(fā)展中國家也有巨大的吸引力，但其價值卻不止于此。

3.3Theanalysisbasedonthisexample

Inthisexamplethewordsintheitalicsarethemarkersofhypotaxis.FromthesentenceswecanseethatthereareninehypotacticmarkersintheEnglishversion,whileinitsChineseversiononlyfivemarkers.

Theconnective“that”isthemarkerofobjectiveclausetoshowthattheclauseafter“that”iswhat“Weknow”,butinitsChineseversionthephrase“Weknowthat”isnottranslatedliterally.InEnglishthephrase“Weknowthat”isthehypotacticmarkertoshowthatwhatstatedlateristhecommonknowledgeforus,andwhattheauthorwanttosayshouldbemarkedinthelanguageforms.WhileinChinesethephraseisnotneededtobetranslatedbecauseChineseisakindofparatacticlanguageanditplacestheemphasisonlogicalprocedure,functionandmeaning.InChinesesenseoverweighstructure,sothereaderscanunderstandthemeaningsbythemselves.

AlsotherearefourpropositionsintheEnglishoriginalversion,whichshowtherelationshipbetweenthephrasesbeforeandafterthesepropositions.WhileinChineseversionthereareonlyoneproposition,whichis“對”.

Whatismore,the“-ing”and“-ed”arealsothehypotacticmarkers,whichshowthedifferentdegreeofthestatesmakingtherelationshipbetweenthecomponentsveryclear,whileinChinesethereisnotanythiskindofaffixestoshowtheirrelationship.

3.4Thedescriptionofthetwoconceptsinmoredetails

JiaDejiang(賈德江)statesinhisbookofEnglish-Chinesecomparativestudyandtranslationthatthecohesivetiesincludingthreekinds,whichare:relativewordsandconjunctions,prepositionsandothermeanstoshowthechangingofthelanguageforms.[10]p78

AndnextIwillgiveasimpleclassificationtothehypotacticmarkersinordertobetteranalyzethetranslation.

3.4.1Therelativewordsandconjunctionwords

Therelativewordsincludingrelativepronoun,relativeadverb,connectivepronounandconnectiveadverbsuchas:who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,howetc.Theyareusedtoconnectprincipalsubjectiveclauseandattributiveclause,subjectiveclause,objectiveclauseandpredicativeclause.

Theconjunctionwordsincludecoordinativeandsubordinateconjunctionsuchas:and,or,but,while,as,since,until,so…that…,unless,lestetc.whichareusedtoconnectwords,phrases,andclause.WhenwearewritingEnglishsentences,theseconjunctionwordsarecommonlyusedandcannotbeneglected.ButinChinesethesewordsareseldomused.[11]p102

(2)Exampletwo:

Englishoriginal:

It’snotsurprisingthenthatourpartnersonthiscontinentaremoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentpotentialofsustainableenergy.

Chineseversion:

因此，我們在本大陸的伙伴更加關(guān)注可持續(xù)性能源的發(fā)展?jié)撃芤簿筒蛔銥槠媪恕?/p>

TheEnglishversionbelongstothe“It+be”sentencestructure.AccordingtotheCardiffGrammarbyHuangGuowen(黃國文)andFawcett,thiskindofsentencestructureiscalled“enhancedthemeconstruction”.[12]p27

AccordingtowhatisstatedbyPengXuanwei(彭宣維),therearethreekindsofenhancedthemeconstruction.“…therearethreekindsofenhancedthemeconstruction,whichareexperiential,evaluativeandexistential”.“…thesocalledexperientialisthecleftsentences，whichiscalledpredicatedthemesbyHalliday”[13]p27

SoaccordingtothetheoryaboveIthinkthephrase“Itis”isnotthethematicbuild-up.

Besides“it”isalsoatypicalhypotacticmarkerinEnglish,whichstandsforsubjectiveclause.InEnglishsuchkindofsentencesiscommonlyusedfortheirspecialfunctions.Suchstructurecanavoidpresentingalltheimportantmassageatthebeginningofthepassage,andittakesthefunctiontomakethesentencebetterunderstood.

Theconjunctionword“then”after“notsurprising”isthesecondhypotacticmarkerinthesentence,whichmeans“so”inthesentence.Itisrightlytranslatedto“因此”toshowthecloserelationshipbetweenthissentenceandthefollowingones.InChinesetheword“因此”isusedtobethefirstwordinthesentence,whichclearlypredicateitsrelationshipwiththecontentabove.

Theword“that”isthethirdhypotacticmarkerthatfollows.“notsurprising”istheidentified,sotheword“that”clearlymarksthatthecontentafteritwillbetheobjectthattheidentifierrefersto.AsfortheChineseversionthoughitisakindofparatacticlanguage,therearealsomanyhypotacticmarkersinthefirstparagraph.Ithinkthereasonisthatthepassageselectedisscientificexpositioninsteadofessay.Weknowthatinscientificexpositionthelogicisrequiredstrictly,fortheauthorsshouldclearlystatetherelationshipbetweenthedetails.

BelowIwillselectashortsentencefromanessaytoshowtheparatacticcharacteristicsofChinese.

(3)Forexample:

Chineseoriginal:

不必說碧綠的菜畦，光滑的石井欄，高大的皂莢樹，紫紅的桑葚……

Englishversion:

Ineednotspeakofthegreenvegetableplots,theslipperystonecopingroundthewell,thetallhoneylocusttrees,orthepurplemulberries.[14]p154

FromthecomparisonbetweentheChinesesentenceanditstranslation,wecanalsoseethefeaturesofparataxisandhypotaxis.InChinese,therearenoconjunctions,andphasesareconnectedbymeanings.

ForitsEnglishtranslation,withtheuseofhypotaxis,subjectstructuresaredecidedtobethecenterofsentencepattern,so“I”,thesubject,isadded.SowemayseefromtheexamplethatforChineseparallelstructurestheirparatacticmeaningcanbetranslatedintohypotacticconnectionaccordingtotheEnglishhabits.

FromthecomparisonabovewemayseethatEnglishandChineseformdifferentsentencestructures.Whenmakingsentences,Chinesepeoplepreferthemethodoftaxis,whilewesternpeoplepreferconstructionmethod.InEnglishsentences,manyconjunctionwordsareusedtolinksentencecomponentsaroundthesubjectandpredicate,sowemayseethesentencesareexpendedfromthecorewords.FromthiswemayseethatChineseisaparatacticlanguagethatcontainsmanyimpliedmeaningsbetweenthelines.Onlyinsimplesentencescantheauthorexpressabundantmeaningswithartisticconceptions.

3.4.2Preposition

Theprepositionincludessimpleonessuchas:with,in,ofetc.andthecompoundonessuchas:inside,onto,upon,withinetc.andphrasalprepositionsuchas:accordingto,alongwithandapartfrometc.AccordingtothestatisticbyG..Curmethereareabout286prepositionsinEnglishtotally.PrepositionisthemostactivewordclassinEnglishlanguage,whichisthemainmeanstoconnectthewords,phrasesandclauses.[15]102

R.Banderhaspointedoutthat“…Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvestheseninepreposition:with,to,from,at,in,.[16]102

Thenumberofprepositioninthistranslationisasfollowings:

thefirstparagraphthesecondparagraph

NO.inEnglish2012

NO.inChinese44

Sofromthetableabovewemayseethattherearetotally32prepositionsinEnglishtoshowtheslightrelationships,whicharemorethanthatinChinese.

ButintheChineseversionthereareonly8prepositions,mostofwhicharetransferredfromverbs.GaoMingkai(高名凱)oncepointedoutthattheChinesepeopledon’tliketousetoomanyemptywordswithoutbasicmeanings,andtheyjustdisposeofthethingsandmeaningsinordertoleadthereaderstounderstandtheconnectionsbetweenthem.MostoftheChineseprepositionsare“borrowed”fromverbs,andstrictlyspeaking,fortheso-calledEuropean-orientedprepositionindeedmostofthemarenotthetrulypreposition.[17]p18AsamatteroffactChineseprepositionsareinfluencedbywesternlanguagesandseemtohavethecharacteristicofproposition.InChinesesomepropositionsareoriginallyverbssuchas“在”、“向”、“進(jìn)”、“到”、“沿”、“拿”etc.Thesepropositionsarealwaysomittedespeciallyinspokenlanguage.

(4)Forexample:

Englishoriginal:

Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheglobethatweseeinthecurrentlymarkedandunacceptabledifferencebetweenrichandpoornationsintermsofaccesstoanduseofenergysupplies.

Chineseversion:

在能源供應(yīng)的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國與貧國之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會不公。

IntheEnglishoriginaltheprepositionsare:to,across,in,between,in,of,toandofonebyone,whilefortheChineseversionthereareonlythreeprepositions,whichare在……方面,與……之間,于.Prepositions--thehypotacticmarkerswhicharemorecommonlyusedinEnglishcanbeclearlyseenfromthiscomparisonexample.

Butthisdoesn’tmeanthattheChinesepeoplespeakwithoutlogicalreasons,forwithoutthepropositionwecanalsounderstandthemeaningimpliedinthem.IntheChineseversionwithoutanyconjunctionsandmanyprepositionstheauthoronlysimplyconnectsthreephraseswithoutanyhypotacticmarkbetweenthem,butwecanalsofullyunderstandwhattheauthorwantstoexpress,forthereasonthatChineseisakindofparatacticlanguage.

3.4.3Otherconnectivemeans

Thethirdclassificationofso-calledotherconnectivemeansreferstomorphologicalchangingforms,suchasthemorphologicalchangingformsofaffix,gender,number,style,tense,voice,comparativeformandpersonalpronoun.etc.[18]104

(5)Forexample:

Englishoriginal:

ThepricevolatilityofAfrica’shydrocarbonimportshasplayedhavocwitheachstate’seconomyoverrecentdecadesandstymiedprogress.

Chineseversion:

最近幾十年來非洲烴進(jìn)口價格的不穩(wěn)定性已經(jīng)給各國經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了巨大破壞并妨礙了發(fā)展。

FromtheEnglishoriginalversionwemayseethat“’s,s,-ed”arethemorphologicalchangingforms,whicharetotallyseven.WhileintheChineseversion,theonlymorphologicalchangingformsare“的”and“了”.Chineseisakindoflanguagewithouttoomanymorphologicalchangingformsandthesubstitutewordssuchas“it”and“there”.Inaword,Chinesetrytoomittheunnecessaryformaldecorationsemphasizingparataxis,andtherearelesshypotacticusagesinChinesethanthoseinEnglish.

3.5Theconcludedstatisticalresults

WecanhaveaclearviewofthegreatdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesefromthecomparisonoftheabovetranslation,fromwhichwemayseethatEnglishisakindofsyntheticlanguage.Andthesyntheticcharacteristicistousethemorphologicalchangingformstoexpressthegrammarrelationships.ThedefinitiongivenbyWebster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionaryis:Asyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.”[19]p1(Heresyntheticnearlymeanshypotaxis,whichismyowninterpretation.AsforthedetailsIwillhavetoneglectforconciseness.)

FromtheChinesetranslationversionandtheformabove,wemayseethattheChinesesentencesseldomusetheformallanguageconnectingforms.Chineseplacestheattentiononcovertcoherence.

4.Theinfluenceofthinkingpatternsonlanguagesespecially,hypotaxisandparataxis

FromthecomparisonsIpresentabovewemayseethatthedifferencesbetweenhypotaxisandparataxishaveresultedinthedifferentsentencestructuresandlanguageexpressionforms.Theformingofthesedifferences,inmyopinionmustbetracedbacktothediversityoftheirthinkingpatterns,fortheyarecloselyconnectedwiththewaytorecognizetheworldandtojudgewhatisthemostimportant.

4.1ThemaindifferentcharacteristicsofEnglishandChinese

Thedifferencesbetweenhypotaxisandparataxishavehelpedtoformthetwolanguagestheirownstyles.

InthecomparisonsandtheorystatedabovewehaveknownthatEnglishusesmanyconjunctions,prepositionsandotherconnectivemeanstomakelinksbetweenphrasesandwords,becauseofwhichthelanguageismorelogicalandbetterorganized.SoMaoRongguiholdstheopinionthatEnglishisakindoflanguagethatisfullofvirilequalities,forthecharacteroflinearlogic,organizationandration,whichhasledittobe“masculinity”.[20]p420

Ontheotherhand,Chinesehasgotitsownbeauty,whichdoesn’tpaytoomuchattentiontologicaldescriptionoftheobjectivereality.Furthermore,itisnotclingingwiththecriterionofthelanguagestructure.Chineseisakindoflanguagethatshowsthecharacterof“femininity”,andthecharmingofitliesinitsloosestructure.[21]p420

4.2Theexampleused

(6)Forexample:

Englishoriginal:

Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheglobethatweseeinthecurrentlymarkedandunacceptabledifferencebetweenrichandpoornationsintermsofaccesstoanduseofenergysupplies.

Chineseversion:

在能源供應(yīng)的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國與貧國之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會不公。

4.3Thedifferenceofmodeofthought

Regardingtothis,thereasonsmustbeexaminedfromthedifferentthinkingpatternsandtheirformingreasons.

ThedifferencesofphilosophyandculturalbackgroundbetweenEnglishandChinesehaveresultedintherethinkingoftheHannationalityasanentiretythinkingcountryandtheEnglishpeopleindividualcharacteristicsofthinking.

4.3.1Chinesethinkingpattern----Entirety

TheChinesepeopleareconcernedmorewiththeirownbodiesinexpressingemotions,sointuitionthinkingisthemainfeatureoftheirmodeofthought,forwhichpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Chinesephilosophyissystematicalnaturalism.[22]p420

4.3.2Englishthinkingpattern----Individualism

TheEnglishpeoplelinktheirownemotiontoplanetaryinfluenceandthenaturalelements,sotheypreferanalyticallogicthinking.Targetobjectsaresubordinatedintosmallpartsinordertobescrutinized,which,ofcourse,mayleadthemtoplacethecomponentsbeforethewholewhentheytrytoknowsomething.[23]p420

4.4UsingthetheorytoanalyzetheEnglish-Chinesetranslation

IntheEnglishoriginalthesentencecomponentsareasthefollowings:

SubjectRenewablesources

Predicatewillhelptoaddress

Objectthesocialinequality

ThemostcommonlyusedwordorderforEnglishisthestrictSVO.Englishsentencestakeverbsastheircores,whicharetheircentercontrollingalltherelationshipsbetweenthesentencecomponents.Exceptthepredicateverballtheverbstaketheformofindefiniteformtomakedifferencefromthepredicateverb,andmanyprepositionsandconjunctionsareusedtoconnectthephrasescontained.ForChineseitusuallymakesgooduseofverbstogetherinonesentencetopresentthethingsonebyoneaccordingtothetimewhenthethingshappened.[24]P57

Structuralismlinguisticspromotesthetheoryofconstituentincision,whichmeanstoseparatethesentencestophraseunities.[25]p31Moreovertheyprefertheconstituentanalysis,whichmeanstoconnectallofthelanguagecomponentstootherswhentheyareanalyzed.ThiskindofmethodwillchangetheEnglishtotherecognizedobjectsfromstructures.

FromtheEnglish-Chinesecomparisonabovewemayseethatbesidesthebasiccomponents----subject,objectandpredicatetherearealsomanyothercomponentattachedclosely,whichIwilllistthembellow.

Smallcomponents:

acrosstheglobe

thatwesee

inthecurrentlymarked

andunacceptabledifference

betweenrichandpoornations

intermsofaccessto

anduse

ofenergysupplies.

AccordingtothetheoryIstatedabovewemayknowthatforEnglishthetargetobjectsaresubordinatedintosmallpartsinordertobescrutinized,which,ofcourse,mayleadthemtoplacethecomponentsbeforethewholewhentheytrytoknowsomething.Sowemayseethattheauthorformsintheirmindthedetailsoftheirrecognitionandthenconnectthemtogetherusingthelanguageforms---hypotacticmarkers.Forthesmallcomponentslistedthereareatlessahypotacticmarkertolinkitwiththecomponentsbehind,sothedescriptionismoredelicate.

TheChineseisintuitional,paringwithEnglish,Chineseismorecompactandfaintness.Inintuitionalthinkingpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Sowhenpeopleareorganizingorunderstandinglanguage,theyprefertostartfromtheentiretyandgetthewholefeelingfirst.

IntheChineseversiontherearethreephrases,whichareplaceddirectlytogetherwithoutclearconjunctions.Thephrases“我們看到富國與貧國之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距”and“再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會不公”areuniquesentencesinChinese,butcanbedirectlyplacedtogether,whichisunacceptableinEnglish.Butthoughthereisnotanyconjunctiontolinkthemitcanalsobeclearlyunderstood.SothereaderscouldnotjudgetherelationshipfromthelanguageexpressionjustlikethatinEnglish.Inordertounderstandthemeaningsimpliedinthephrasesthereadersmustjudgefromahigherdegree----intuition.Inaword,basedonvisualizedmodeofthought,Chinesetendstoexpressabstractconceptusingparatacticformsthatcontainsmanyimpliedmeaningsbetweenthelines.Onlyinsimplesentencescantheauthorexpressabundantmeaningswithartisticconceptions.

AswhatIsaidabovethestrictSVOsentencestructureiscommonlyusedwordorderinEnglish,whilethesentencestructureforChineseisnotsostrictlyrequired.UsuallyseveralSVOstructurescanbeplacedonebyonetoexpresssomethingsinonesentenceonly.InmyownopiniontheSVOphraseisperfectlyusedtoconnectthesmallcomponentstogether,andthedetailedcomponentsarewheretheEnglishpeoplestarttheirthinking.InthisconditionIwouldliketoassimilatethepredicateverbtothetrunkofthegrapethatcombinesallthegrapestogether.WhilefortheChinesethewholeintuitionisformedatfirstandthenthephrasesareplacedonebyonewithoutusingtoomanyconnectingformsjustlikethebamboojointswhichgrowonebyone.

Wangying（王寅）thefamousprofessoroncesaidthatsomelinguisticslivelycompareEnglishstructureas“grapestructure”,forthemaintrunkofthegrapeisveryshortwithmanyfruitattachedonittoformverylongsentences.Differentfromthat,theChinesesentencesareshorter.Thephrasesareusuallyplacedonebyonetoexpresstheauthor’smeanings.Chineseinformationstructuresarejustlikethebamboojoints,withthejointsconnectedoneendbyoneend,soChineseiscalled“bamboostructure”.[26]p2

5.Conclusion

FromthecomparisonoftheEnglish-Chineselanguagesandtheirmodesofthought,wemayseethattheyareofonethingbuttwoaspects.Resultedfromdifferentculturalbackground,thedifferencesoftheirmodesofthoughthavegreatlydeterminedtheirownlanguages.Ontheotherhand,thelanguagesalsoreflectandinfluencedtheirthinkingpatterns.SoinordertolearnEnglishwellandbettermasterthetwolanguagesthethinkingpatternsshouldbestudieddeeply.Inmyownopinion,thestudyoflanguagesfromthedegreeofthinkingpatternwillgreatlybenefitthelearners.Forexample,itwillgivetheguidetotheteachingofsecondlanguageandthewritingofcomposition.Ofcoursemodeofthoughtbelongstophilosophy.Soitisaverycomplicatedconcept,andtogodeepintoitwillneedaverylongtimeandalsorequiresmanyefforts.

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